Decomposing Service Definition in Predicate/Transition-Nets for Designing Distributed Systems

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for the derivation of a protocol specification in Pr/T-nets, which is the specification of communicating N entities (N can be given), from a given service specification in Pr/T-nets and an allocation of the places of the service specification to the N entities. Our algorithm decomposes each transition of the service specification into a set of communicating Pr/T-subnets running on the N entities. Moreover, for the efficient control of conflict of shared resources, we present a timestamp-based mutual exclusion algorithm and incorporate it into the derivation algorithm

Overcoming controllability problems in distributed testing from an input output transition system

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2012 Springer VerlagThis paper concerns the testing of a system with physically distributed interfaces, called ports, at which it interacts with its environment. We place a tester at each port and the tester at port p observes events at p only. This can lead to controllability problems, where the observations made by the tester at a port p are not sufficient for it to be able to know when to send an input. It is known that there are test objectives, such as executing a particular transition, that cannot be achieved if we restrict attention to test cases that have no controllability problems. This has led to interest in schemes where the testers at the individual ports send coordination messages to one another through an external communications network in order to overcome controllability problems. However, such approaches have largely been studied in the context of testing from a deterministic finite state machine. This paper investigates the use of coordination messages to overcome controllability problems when testing from an input output transition system and gives an algorithm for introducing sufficient messages. It also proves that the problem of minimising the number of coordination messages used is NP-hard

Testing real-time systems using TINA

The paper presents a technique for model-based black-box conformance testing of real-time systems using the Time Petri Net Analyzer TINA. Such test suites are derived from a prioritized time Petri net composed of two concurrent sub-nets specifying respectively the expected behaviour of the system under test and its environment.We describe how the toolbox TINA has been extended to support automatic generation of time-optimal test suites. The result is optimal in the sense that the set of test cases in the test suite have the shortest possible accumulated time to be executed. Input/output conformance serves as the notion of implementation correctness, essentially timed trace inclusion taking environment assumptions into account. Test cases selection is based either on using manually formulated test purposes or automatically from various coverage criteria specifying structural criteria of the model to be fulfilled by the test suite. We discuss how test purposes and coverage criterion are specified in the linear temporal logic SE-LTL, derive test sequences, and assign verdicts

La durabilité du système oasien face à la détérioration des ressources en eaux souterraines: cas de la palmeraie de Tafilalet

Oasis is a specific landscape that characterizes arid areas. The structure of oasis ecosystem depends mainly on desert-oasis-rivers components. Generally, oases are spread along non-perennial rivers (wadis) and shallow water table. However, the sustainability of oasis system is threatened by a combination of factors (water scarcity, Bayoud disease, climate change, rural exodus, etc.).The objective of this article is to highlight the crucial role of groundwater resources, although they remain invisible, play in the conservation and sustainability of oasis system. The aim is to understand and analyze the various interactions between groundwater table and the dynamics of palm groves, taking into consideration all existing factors (natural and human). A historical analysis tracing both the oasis dynamics and the groundwater evolution has been established. A diachronic approach was adopted in order to reconstruct the history of the Tafilalet plain by performing a literature search that was supported by surveys conducted with different actors in this region. The results showed that groundwater is the basic resource for the survival of the oasis system in the Tafilalet plain. Besides being the main source for irrigation water supply, groundwater contributes directly in the water supply of the date palm, which represents the oases keystone

Contribution de la nappe phréatique à l'alimentation hydriquedu palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera) dans les zones oasiennes

National audienceIn arid regions, water resources are extremely limited. The contribution of groundwater to satisfy crop water requirements can be very high, but is often not known. This contribution depends on the root zone environment and the water table depth. Understanding the interaction between groundwater tables and plant development is fundamental to improve water use efficiency. The objectives of this paper are to study the effect of shallow water tables on date palm root distribution, and to determine the contribution of groundwater to date palm water consumption. Experimental research was conducted in a farm located in the Tafilalet oasis (Morocco) with Mejhoul palm tree variety. The groundwater depth fluctuated from 4 to 5 m with an average salinity of 5 g.L-1. Many measurements were undertaken to determine soil moisture, roots characterization and transpiration. The results show that during the dry season (June, July and August), and without irrigation supply, 50% of date palm transpiration is satisfied by groundwater. The results also revealed that the root system of date palm tree can reach very important depth (up to 9 m) to withdraw water from the aquifer. Therefore, the determination of palm tree water requirements has to take into account the interaction of its root system with the phreatic water table.Dans les régions arides, les ressources en eau sont extrêmement limitées. La contribution de la nappe phréatique pour satisfaire les besoins en eau des cultures, en particulier le palmier dattier, peut être très importante dans ces zones, mais est souvent méconnue. Cette contribution dépend de l'environnement de la zone racinaire et de la profondeur de la nappe phréatique. Comprendre l'interaction entre la nappe phréatique et le développement du palmier dattier est essentiel pour améliorer l'efficience de l'utilisation de l'eau. Les objectifs de cet article sont d'étudier l'impact de la nappe phréatique peu profonde sur la distribution racinaire du palmier dattier et de déterminer la contribution de cette nappe à sa consommation en eau. Une expérimentation a été menée chez un agriculteur dans une exploitation de palmiers dattiers (variété Mejhoul) située dans l'oasis de Tafilalet (Maroc). La profondeur du niveau piézométrique varie entre 4 et 5 m avec une salinité moyenne de 5 g.L-1 . De nombreuses mesures ont été faites : suivi de l'humidité du sol, cartographie de la distribution du système racinaire et mesure de transpiration. Les résultats montrent que, pendant la saison sèche (juin, juillet et août), et sans apport d'irrigation, 50 % de la transpiration du palmier dattier provient des eaux souterraines. Les résultats révèlent également que le système racinaire du palmier dattier peut atteindre des profondeurs très importantes (jusqu'à 9 m) pour prélever l'eau de la nappe phréatique. Par conséquent, la détermination des besoins en eau du palmier dattier doit prendre en compte l'interaction de son système racinaire avec la nappe phréatique